Protect the Rights of Children

Protect the Rights of Children A large majority of the Indian children continue to remain in distress and turmoil. The problem of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of children in India is increasing; child abuse is usually classified into three major types: physical, sexual, emotional. The public and the government also are yet to recognize it as a serious problem. Public indignation and professional concern is yet to be translated into positive and realistic action. CHILD ABUSE The major cause of child abuse is adaption or environmental maladjustment mostly on the part of adult perpetrators but some extent on the of adult responsible for family socialization as well. Most child abuse occurs in a childs home which a smaller amount occurring in the organization, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: Neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, sexual abuse NEGLECT Child neglect is where the responsible adult fails to provide adequately for various needs, including physical: failure to provide adequate food, clothing, emotional: failure provide nurturing or affection, educational: failure to enroll a child in school, or medical: failure to medicate the child or take him or her to the doctor. PHYSICAL ABUSE Physical abuse is physically aggression directed at child by an adult. It can involve punching, striking, kicking, showing, slapping, burning, pulling ears or hair, stabbing, choking or shaking a child. Shaking child can cause shaken baby syndrome. Boys are more battered than girls, the transmission of toxins to child through its mother (such as with fetal alcohol syndrome) can also be considered physical abuse in some jurisdictions. SEXUAL ABUSE Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation. Girls are victims of sexual abuse than boys a high proportion of children become victims of sexual abuse when they are fourteen or above 14 years of age. Form of child sexual abuse include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the childs genitals, viewing of the childs genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography. Effect of child sexual abuse include guilt and self-blame, flash back, nightmares, fear of things associated with the abuse , self- esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain , addiction, self-injury, depression, anxiety EMOTIONAL ABUSE Emotional abuse is the hardest to define. It could include name-calling, ridicule, degradation, destruction of personal belongings, torture or destruction of a pet, excessive criticism, inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding communication, and routine labeling or humiliation. A large number of parents who ill-treat their children are those who are aggressive, irritable and domineering in their behavioral characteristics: fickle-minded, inflexible and less tolerant in their emotional characteristics: and have low-esteem, feeling of alienation, and lack of ability empathize in social characteristics. CHILD LABOUR Child labour refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries Child labourers are exploited, exposed to hazardous work conditions and paid a pittance for their long hours of work. Forced to forego education, shouldering responsibilities far beyond their years, becoming worldly wise when their peers have yet to leave the cocoons of parental protection, these children never know what child hood is. CHILD WELFARE Childrens Development is as important as the development of material resources and the best way to develop national human resources is to take care of children.   India has the largest child population in the world.   All out efforts are being made by India for the development and welfare of children specific concentration is being given to the efforts to improve the life and opportunities of the Girl Child. Significant progress has been made in many fields in assuring children their basic rights.   However, much remains to be done.   The country renews its commitment and determination to give the highest priority to the basic needs and rights of all children.   Children are most vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.   A lot more has to be done for the health, nutrition and education of children.   It is unfortunate that girls in particular face debilitating discrimination at all stages.   JUVENILE JUSTICE (Care and Protection of Children) Act Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 was enacted in discharge of the Constitutional mandate that it is the primary responsibility of the state to ensure that all the needs of children are met and that their basic human rights are fully protected The Act further provides for the establishment of Juvenile Justice Board to deal with the Juvenile in conflict with law. The Act further provides for punishment of person who commits an offence against the juvenile. In case a juvenile is assaulted, abandoned, exposed or neglected in any manner so as to cause unnecessary mental or physical suffering, by any person in custody of the juvenile, he shall be punished with imprisonment for a term up to six months with or without fine Child in need of care and protection Child in need of care and protection means a child who:- Is found without any home or settled places or abode and without any ostensible means of subsistence, Is mentally or physically challenged or ill, suffering from primary diseases or incurable diseases having no one to support or look after, Is a victim of any armed conflict, civil or natural calamity or is being or likely to be abused for unconscionable gains. The Act further provides for the constitution of the Child Welfare Committees for every district or group of districts for exercising the power and discharging the duties in relation to child in need of care and protection. The committee shall consist of a chairman and four other members, of which one shall be woman and another, an expert on matters concerning children. The committee shall function as a Bench of Magistrates and shall have powers conferred on a judicial Magistrate of the 1st class under the code of Criminal Procedure. The committee is the final authority to deal with matters of care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of the children so produced. Legal Right and Provisions to Protect the Rights of Children CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS Article 14: Right to equality-equality before law and equal protection of law Article 15: No discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, sex or place of birth. Gender discrimination still exists. Article 21: right to life. Exploitation of children in any form is curbing their right to life. Right to education is also considered as a right to life after the 86th amendment in 2002 Article 23: Right against exploitation-prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. Article 24: prohibition of employment of children in children in factories, etc-no child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or any hazardous employment. Article 45: Provision for child hood care and education: establishment of anganwadis, adolescent clubs are established on this basis. INTERNATIONAL CONVENANTS ON CHILD RIGHTS United Nations Convention On rights, 1989(ratified by India in 1992) Article relevant for protecting children:- Article 19 makes provision for state parties take protective measures for protecting children from all forms of mental, sexual and physical abuse. Article 20 21 provides for alternative care (adoption, foster care) etc for children. Article 32 recognizes the need for protection of children from economic exploitation and from performing hazardous work. Article 33 provides for appropriate measures including legislative administrative social and educational measures to protect children from illicit use of narcotic drugs. Article 34 urges the state to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse. TWO OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD:- Optional protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. Optional protocol on the sale of children, prostitution and pornography. SAARC Convention on Preventing and combating Trafficking in women and children. Penal provisions to protect children. 366a IPC Buying minor children, non bail able offence- 10 years imprisonment. 366B IPC- Importing minors for the purpose of the prostitution. 372- Buying or selling any girl below 18 for the purpose of prostitution. 376- Rape of minor girl below 15 377- Unnatural sexual offence. 354- Outraging the modesty of women. We dont have special provisions to protect children from child sexual abuse; we usually make use of these provisions to charge the case against the culprit. SPECIAL ENACTMENTS TO PROTECT CHILD RIGHT 1. Child labour(prevention and regulation) act 1986. 2. Child Marriage Restraint Act 1978. 3. Immoral traffic prevention act 1956. 4. Pre-natal diagnostic techniques regulation act 1994. 5. Juvenile Justice Act 2000. CONCLUSION The political and social problems of Indian children become increased phenomena. The Child problems or child right violations increasing day by day. There are several written laws to protect their rights, but unfortunately most of them are violated. The state itself is a child right violator. The labour ministry of India has analyzed that it is not easy to prohibit child labour, in such a situation of child right crisis, the government, social agencies, social workers has to go miles through the path of elimination process of social problems of children

Personal Framework Essay

In spite of the variety of approaches and therapeutic paradigms, available to professional psychologists and counselors, they often tend to prioritize one or two frameworks as â€Å"personal† ones. The present paper discusses the case of 67-year-old widow, suffering from grief and struggling with the challenges of solitude. For instance, if the professional, responsible for administering and planning therapies relies mainly on psychodynamic psychotherapy, is likely to focus on the woman’s unconscious motivations and attitudes. The recently widowed woman will attend sessions once or twice a week in case she is relatively stable emotionally and discuss her dreams, spontaneous thoughts and cognitions. Given that psychodynamic approach is based heavily upon Freudian personality structure, the specialist is more likely to focus on the woman’s relationship with her husband so that she can resolve the inner conflict and eliminate her survivor’s guilt (Boylan, Mally & Reilly, 2001, p. 68). Psychodynamic therapist will also discuss the woman’s early years in order to find out the actual destructive patterns in her attitudes and behavior and gradually remove them by explaining and elucidating the causes of her current state. If the woman suffers from acute and pervasive emotional states, the follower of schema therapy will search for the negative maladaptive pattern, which creates obstructions to accepting the loss of the spouse (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003, p. 11). Schemas are â€Å"comprised of memories, emotions, cognitions, and bodily sensations regarding oneself and one’s relationships with others and are developed during childhood or adolescence† (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003, p. 7). After learning the patient’s history, the therapist is likely to find a pattern of strong fear of loneliness or a similar destructive schema. Taking into consideration the woman’s temperament, the specialist will restructure this fear by teaching self-sufficiency and focusing her attention on the positive psychoemotional and sensational patterns, associated with the content with life (e. . pleasure of breathing fresh air, eating, playing with grandchildren and so forth). The follower of solution-focused perspective is likely to begin with the so-called miracle question in order to determine the aspects of life (emotions, experiences) the woman lacks (Boylan, Mally & Reilly, 2001, p. 34). The woman will need to imagine her spouse h as returned and define the first signs of the miracle, her actions, intents and feelings. Furthermore, the counselor asks questions to identify the patient’s strengths, skills, talents and abilities and begins to encourage her by phrases like â€Å"I understand your hardships, but I am really amazed by the fact that you are act as an assertive person and manage to put all your decisions to practice†. Session by session, the specialist gradually orients the patient to using her strongest points and abilities like critical thinking, determination or proficiency in certain activities and areas. Cognitive behavioral therapist is likely to employ the ABC model of psychological change and establish the relationship between the activating event (the loss of the husband), wrongful and faulty beliefs and consequences (Boylan, Mally & Reilly, 2001, p. 38). For instance, the woman might believe she is helpless without her husband or that nobody needs her any longer as she has lost her spouse. Further, the therapist is likely to challenge her wrongful beliefs for the purpose of cognitive restructuring, so the patient will soon conclude that her life continues and act more constructively. This treatment approach implies a number of assignments including behavior change plans, emotions and cognition diaries, so the patient will also develop greater self-awareness and much better understand her thoughts, expectations, beliefs and intents. As one can conclude, although different treatment perspectives imply dissimilar methods of influence, they actually pursue similar goals, which necessarily include normalization of the person’s physical and spiritual well-being as well as social functioning.

Effects of religion on children positive or negative?

The David Family Case Family Theory: In my reading about the structural model I recalled Munich because like myself his first concern was problem focused within the context of the family structure (Goldenberg 2000). â€Å"‘ have always felt that if a child is having constant escalating behaviors of tantrums after the age of four there has to be a problem within the family structure. And so in hearing from therapist of who would many times in the past visit only with children and not the parents of families.This would really sound an alarm with me but since I lacked the understanding in the mental field I would asked the question of their knowledge in child development and the family as the root of guiding a child's first developmental years. I also remember reading about Munchies work and his vast array of experiences for example; Munich his practiced in pediatrics, his time volunteered in the army as a Doctor during Israel's war in 1948, he was a child psychiatrist in the Uni ted States working with families in poverty and those who had multiple problems, disconnected structures and displaced children from the Holocaust.His heart to volunteer and research these problematic issues revealed to me his passion and heart for the family as a unit. In my personal experience as an Early Childhood Specialist working with families with children of trauma I often found myself being approached by clinicians who were working with young children yet lacked to understand the details of the early developmental domains. I wondered if they understood temperament, parenting styles or the developmental milestones like, social/emotional patterns, independence, problem solving or attachment and bonding.Clinicians would see toddlers displaying very angry levels of behavior not recognizing they were frustrated simply because they were delayed in their speech, disengaged with their parents, or in a reign land that developed psychological stresses. So as I reviewed the David case I first observed that the structural of the family system; that being, mom, dad and children who had been interrupted by time the hierarchy currently being the grandparents, and the parental roles. This was the root in the context of this families transaction patterns that needed to be changed according to Munchies major thesis of the structural model (peg. 94). This theory looks into the relationships, the organization of the family structure having to due with family roles, rules within this system, boundaries' and wholeness. It also emphasizes on the wholeness of the family system, the influence the family hierarchical organization and the interdependent functioning of its subsystem's for the wellbeing if each individual that consist of the whole family system. In this theory enmeshment is common and the family system is functioning at a dysfunctional level for the lack of boundaries, for inhibiting individual autonomy, and for disruptions in the parental subsystem.This theory r eminds me of a sports; for example, baseball in expressing my complete understanding of this theory I will relate it to this sport. In the game of baseball it does consist of organization of each individuals place in order to function successfully as a whole team. The pitcher and the catcher are like the parents in the family. If they lack to understand their roles and that of their team-members then the whole game will be disorganized and interrupted by a loss and results in very angry, frustrated and confused emotions. What to do? What interventions will the coach implement?In my case what will I implement according to my chosen theory? Alignment, Power, and Coalitions: The David family came to therapy due to their enmeshed family. The parents were having problems in their relationships with their seven and eight year old children who were throwing full blown tantrums consistently, some examples of this manifestation where the children hitting their heads on the walls or vomiting also not listening to their parents instructions and expressing anger at their parents by physically kicking them during these escalating behaviors.As Munich puts it,† this alternated the patterns in the Davit's family structure they went without consideration which caused deviation from any established family rules such as; mandarins', a lack hierarchy, the interdependent functioning, and the wholeness of the family system (Goldenberg 2000). † The results became the resistance of the children making a healthy family connection with their parents. This is how my back- round training in child development will aid me as a future clinician.If the child lacks to build a trusting and secure relationships with their parents becoming that secure base in order for the child to become a healthy separated individual then a sense of loss and fear will result therefore displaying itself as in the Davit's hillside's case. As a therapist I would first look into the family strengths, i n this case the David family taking the step to seek out therapy without it being forced upon them due to an outside report such as D. S. S. I would praise them for taking the first step then observe the spousal, parental and siblings subsystems in this family.In observing this at the first session I could recognize that as the mother expressed her emotions the children and father displayed empathy as they all tried to comfort the mother. The father stepped in and gave instructions to the children who followed wrought it revealed that they did have some understanding for father's hierarchy in this role. This was a psychosomatic family that was enmeshed yet their quick response to comfort the mother here also revealed that they were not disengaged. That showed me that they would be willing to negotiate differences.Within this family it was clear that alignments were off and needed to be put back together by joining its forces by positive activities that engaged in quality time spent. It was the long parental working hours in the Davit's family that disrupted the emotional and psychological connections that members should make with one another. This was the power that was displaced here and instead because of the work demand was given over to the grandparents which caused stressed in the children producing escalating behaviors towards parents.In my understanding the grandparents where the third party alliances between the parent and children which Munich refers to as the coalitions. The grandparents became the dominant part of this family that detoured the power from the parents as the children cried out for their grandparents rather than parents during a place that seemed foreign to them. This resulted in conflicts that placed added stressed on the family systems. Intervention: The David family needs to be realigned, new boundaries' must be set in place and reframing must be worked into this family system.I will use the vignette as an example therapy session an d how I would guide it using Munchies structural therapy. Children are anxious and wondering the office asking to go home crying for their grandparents, they seek each other for comfort rather than parents, parents become embarrassed. Children engage with therapist asking to play with toys, mother becomes emotional children and husband respond. I would greet all by name shaking each individual's hands and then ask mom and dad what they would eke to play with their children today.Knowing that the children are engaging with me as their therapist and interested in my toys this would be used as my intervention tools in order to have the family enact a typical family conflict. Upon children calling out crying for their grandparents I would first validate their state of disconnectedness from grandparents yet redirect them by saying, † look today mommy and daddy wants your time to play with them and they want to play with some of my toys. Children cry say no and began hugging each ot her rather than parents I would then start to realign the family roles by guiding children towards arenas for comfort rather than depending on each other when parents are available. I would do this by having kneel at children's level asking them for permission to comfort them. As mother becomes anxious and emotional and father instructs children to leave mommy alone upon them trying to comfort her, I would intervene by saying to children, â€Å"k well mommy and daddy need some time while you both decide on a game to play with them but then Daddy would love for you both to help comfort your mommy. This will model time and respect given to the hierarchy of the family that being mom and dad yet allow children time for individual mime for choice and space. This would also allow parents to see the importance of setting proper structure, roles, and respectful boundaries' in place. My hope would be to have the family engage in its normal family conflicts. I would do this by either playing a game relating to the last conflict such as the children not wanting to go to bed or take a bath.My session would go something like this. â€Å"Children play a game of wants, dodos and don't, I would ask each individual to tell me what you want to today, what you will do today and what you don't you want to do today? This would e done for each family member (with specific instructions in the beginning that whatever don't want to be done everyone must laugh at the end for them, then try doing those don't by adding something fun. In this case you don't want to take a bath but how can you make it fun? The past tantrums could be realigned by making boundaries' fun thereby inventing new boundaries' and replacing them with parental time with children that will help airframe the family structure. The past rules in the David family consisted of the grandparents filling in the place of parents, the parents jack to consider the importance of time spent with their children gave up their par ental power as that secure base and trusting relationship with their children.My hope is that the engagements of family time spent together would build each individuals self-esteem and confidence as time and energy is being reciprocated here. References Goldenberg, 1. , Goldenberg, H. (2000). Family Therapy An Overview. ; . United States. Headwords, a division of Thomas Learning. Figure Captions Figure 1 . Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number]

Analysis Of Grandmother In A Good Man Is Hard To Find.

Analysis of Grandmother in A Good Man is Hard to Find Introduction The character grandmother in O’Connor’s story has grounds the reality of the events and drives the family into tragedy. She is a central character in O’Connor’s story and is depicted to be a dynamic character stuck in the old ways. Through her actions and the idea of being stuck in the old ways of thinking, she leads her family into tragedy. Being the main character in the story, Grandmother significantly adds to the development of the plot. The author manages to win the attention of the reader from this character owing to the manner in which she shapes the storyline. Grandmother’s reminiscing of the old ways claims a distinctive curiosity from the reader and helps in†¦show more content†¦For example, Bailey does not want her to carry the cat to their journey. However, grandmother does not listen to him and she hides the cat inside the car in a basket and thus secretly brings the cat along with her. On their way, she also wants to go and vi sit the old plantation even though Bailey does not agree to this. In order to see that she gets what she wants, she talks to the children and convinces them to tell Bailey to do as she wishes. The author writes â€Å"There was a secret panel in this house†¦. and the story went that all the family silver was hidden in it when Sherman came through but it was never found . . .† (O’Connor 45). Grandmother says these words craftily in her attempts to convince Bailey to drive to the old plantations even though she knows that she is not telling the truth. Evidently, she leads the family into a dangerous tour drive. In this tour, the family ends up having an accident due to the Pitty Sing cat sneaking out of the car, leaping on Bailey who loses control of the car. She avoids responsibility by pretending to be hurt. Her actions put the family in dangerous situations. Grandmother is stuck in her old ways and she seems to care less about the suffering and the poverty of the lower class individuals. Besides, she indicates a given degree of superiority in her actions and has poor judgments towards other people. For instance, she spots on the streets a poor â€Å"Negro† child who is naked and she utters that â€Å"Wouldn t that make a pictureShow MoreRelatedA Proposal1240 Words   |  5 PagesSeiter 1 Allison Seiter Introduction to Literature Brian Leingang April 1, 2013 A Proposal: A Good Man is Hard to Find In 1953, the short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was published in the anthology Modern Writing I by Avon Publications. Around the year 1955, a collection of short stories by Flannery O’Connor became published. The themes of these stories range from baptism to serial killers and then to human greed and exploration. For theRead MoreAnalysis Of Flannery O Connor s A Good Man Is Hard Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Analysis for A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O Connor s A Good Man is Hard to Find is certainly a surprising work of literature. With this story having a not so happy ending, it goes against all of the conventional ideas on what a typical storybook ending should be. Another unusual thing about A Good Man is Hard to Find is the use of the term good. It is thrown around excessively through the entire tale by the grandmother and even the Misfit seems to use this word as wellRead MoreAnalysis of Characters, Conflict, and Symbolism in ‚Äà ºa Good Man Is Hard to Find‚Äà ¹771 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Characters, Conflict, and Symbolism in â€Å"A Good Man Is hard to Find† The story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is a fascinating story about a family traveling to Florida for a family vacation. The story’s main characters are the grandmother, the mother and a baby, the father Bailey, and the two children June Star and John Wesley. On this trip the family has a run in with the other characters The Misfit, Bobby Lee, and Hiram who are escaped convicts headed towards Florida. O’Connor usesRead MoreAnalysis Of A Good Man Is Hard To Find1071 Words   |  5 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†, the definition of good can only be determined if we understand two things, the typical definition of good and what to make of the main character known as the Grandmother. The definition of good should first be noted as, â€Å"that which is morally right; righteousness.† This will be the analysis of the grandmother and the ultimate decision as to the definition of good throughout this story. 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The theme of good versus evil is more prominent throughout the story. This analysis will attempt to prove the theme of good versus evil that is present throughout all aspects, as seen in its characters, motifs, and symbolism, of thus producing a compelling and adventurousRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of A Good Man Is Hard To Find1094 Words   |  5 PagesJohnathan Ramirez Dr. Klein English 1302 15 October 2017 Literary Analysis Essay â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† tells a twisted story of a typical family going about a road trip embedded with ethical pit stops along the way. The story revolves around a cynical grandmother and how her unconventional attitude and habits set the stage for an interesting turn of events. Through manipulative antics, a prejudice character and an ironic story line, author Flannery O’Conner creates a captivating tale thatRead MoreThe Moral Structure Of Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard To Find1148 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam. The Moral Structure of Flannery OConnors a Good Man Is . Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 27, no. 3, Summer90, p. 347. EBSCOhost, pulaskitech.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=afhAN=9705041482site=ehost-livescope=site. The ten stories in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find circumscribe a moral and thematic center (Bonney). William Booney’s article was written as if the grandmother is actually grasping the saving fact of her own moralRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor1196 Words   |  5 PagesA prolific writer, famously known as Flannery O’Connor in 1953, wrote the short narrative titled â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† (Scott 2). However, it was published two years later in 1955, in her second collection of short stories. This particular collection presented the author as a key voice in the ancient American literature world until she met her sudden death in 1964 when she was only 39. The collection also won her tremendous fame, especially concerning her unmatchable creativity and masteryRead MoreCritical Analysis Of A Good Man Is Hard To Find By Flannery OConnor1573 Words   |  7 PagesFlannery O Connor was often shocked to find how people interpreted her stories. Some readers of A Good Man is Hard to Find believed the grandmother was evil, even a witch. Soon O Connor set out, quite explicitly, in letters and lectures to detail the theology of the story and the importance of the grandmother as an agent of grace. In a letter to John Hawkes, she explained how violence and grace come together: More than in the Devil I am interested in the indication of Grace, the moment when you

The Tempest - Study Guide

College Athletes And Fans Support Their Sports Team

Each season college students and fans support their sports team in hopes of a National Championship Title. They purchase season tickets, team clothing, and expensive sports packages from television providers in order to watch their team from afar. This generates a lot of cash for universities and retailers. Ed O Bannon was a college basketball star. In the 1994-95 season, he led his UCLA team to a national championship. He scored 30 points and grabbed 17 rebounds in the championship game, and was named the nation s most outstanding player. These days O Bannon coaches a high school basketball team and sells cars in Las Vegas. But O Bannon s college glory days live on. He can still be watched making the shot that clinched the national title in television rebroadcasts of classic games. His image is sold on trading cards and in video games. O Bannon s college image is still making money for the NCAA through licensed merchandizing. Now O Bannon is suing the NCAA for a part of those profits. To fully understand why this is such a hot topic, one must understand college student athletes as amateurs and why it is important to understand the basis for NCAA in college competition. In order for college students to be granted eligibility as an athlete, they must certify as amateurs and sign a consent form. All student athletes are required to adhere to NCAA amateurism requirements in order to remain eligible for college competition. 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Smoking in Public Places free essay sample

It is well-known that cigarette smoking is dangerous to ones health; thousands of Americans die prematurely each year from the effects of smoking, and millions more live on in ruined health with crippled lungs and overstrained hearts. (Brodish 1999) Nonsmokers often question the rationality of smoking at public places in light of these enormous health risks: Why engage in an activity that will ruin your health and perhaps eventually kill you? Smokers defiantly, if dishonestly, respond with the claim that they have the right to smoke, even if it is not the most rational thing to do. But do they? This is a controversial issue, one that has immediate implications for public policy regarding smoking. This paper demonstrates that smokers generally do not have the right to smoke in public places, in a wide variety of cases, because it is inconsistent with their duty to respect the right of others (to be free from harm). We will write a custom essay sample on SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then a variety of arguments for smoking in public places presented. The underlying aim of this paper is to provide a moral guide to the formation of a public policy toward smoking behavior. Such a policy, paper will argue, is likely to have as its consequence the elimination of nonsmokers exposure to secondhand smoke. The paper will at the end explore several policy considerations that might lead to the elimination of exposure to secondhand smoke. The focus of paper, is on the so-called right to smoke, and what role it should play in the development of a just public policy regarding smoking, whatever that policy may be. Background It is important that this distinction between activity and passivity not be confused with the more controversial distinction between doing something to another and letting something happen to another. The relevance of this distinction is often debated in the context of euthanasia. The general rule seems to be that ones right to pursue an activity survives only so long as the exercise of that right does not infringe upon the right of another to be free from harm. The right to be free from harm is in some sense more basic than the rights one may have to perform certain activities. This harm principle is perhaps the fundamental liberty-limiting principle. (Goodin 1989) Suppose there is a public room, say a bar, populated by smokers and nonsmokers, and individuals of both groups have the right to be present in the room. The air in the room is filled with smoke, and it is clear that the cause of this is the activity of the smokers. Since the nonsmokers have to breathe the smoky air they had no part in producing, the smokers are doing something to the non-smokers. Since both the smokers and the nonsmokers have equal right to be present in the room, the nonsmokers stand to smokers as victims stand to those who shoot them. The non-smokers have actively placed themselves in the room, presumably, but they have not actively done anything to the smokers in the way that the smokers have actively done something to them. Nor have they actively sought to place themselves in a smoky environment, that responsibility belongs to the smokers. If the nonsmokers are harmed by the presence of the smoke, then the smokers have violated the harm principle. The right to smoke persists only so long as the act of smoking does not conflict with the more basic right of nonsmokers to be free from harm. On the condition that they are causing harm, the smokers are obliged to refrain from smoking, and this remains true even if those doing the harm are unaware of the harm they are causing. (Feinberg 1985) This places a burden on smokers to change their behavior to comply with the rights of nonsmokers. This inconvenience to smokers, which is often viewed as a harm to smokers, is asymmetrically related to the harm caused to nonsmokers; it is the smokers who are doing something to the nonsmokers, while the reverse is not true. This point is crucial in determining an appropriate policy when the interests of smokers and nonsmokers conflict. If harm is indeed being caused, public policy should prevent the smoker from smoking in this room. The issue now turns on whether the smokers are harming the nonsmokers. There are at least three levels on which smoking may harm nonsmokers. The first involves the distasteful odor of cigarette smoke, in the air and in the clothes and hair of even nonsmokers, who are in the same room as a smoker, let us call this the level of annoyance. The second involves the short-term physiological irritation of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, and lungs caused by the inhalation of smoke; let us call this the level of irritation. The third involves the long-term risk of disease caused by repeated exposure to secondhand smoke; let us call this the level of disease. At each of these three levels we must determine whether the harm is sufficiently significant and determine if the right to smoke should be curtailed. Arguments Against Smoking in Public Places Annoyance. Smoke is annoying when one would simply prefer not to breathe it. This is an offense to, or intrusion upon, the nonsmoker, rather than an obvious harm, so it is unlikely that we are going to get a straightforward application of the harm principle. We must therefore be very careful to examine specific features of the situations in which this offense arises; only in this way will we be able to determine if annoyance is sufficient to militate against the moral right to smoke. Consider a nonsmoker in his own home. Here the rights of property ownership and autonomy give weight to ones preferences beyond what they might otherwise enjoy. Should someone be smoking in a nonsmokers home, the smoker surely must respect the nonsmokers preference to be free from secondhand smoke. In this respect, smoking is no different from other activities one simply does not want performed in ones own home. But suppose that the smoker is a friend, a business associate, or a superior. Because of these relationships, the nonsmoker may, as a matter of course, be made to feel some pressure to acquiesce to the smokers desire to smoke. For example, if it is his boss, he may be made to feel that his job or working conditions will be jeopardized if he sticks to his guns and refuses to allow smoking in his home. If it is a friend, he may feel that the friendship will be strained if he insists on his right to be free from secondhand smoke. Social pressures of this sort are significant features of many actual situations and should be given moral weight. The nonsmoking homeowner has the ethical (and legal) right to stipulate policy in his or her home, and an offender should not be allowed to exert pressure, knowingly or otherwise, on the homeowner. (Torr 2000, p. 43-51) Each nonsmoking individual is affected by every smoker with whom he comes into contact. This includes smoke in the workplace, restaurants, bars, and other public forums. The level of annoyance can be much greater than any smoker might realize since it is not an individual smoker, but a team of smokers with which the nonsmoker must contend; and as a team, smokers constitute a powerful collective source of annoyance. Whether an annoyance can reach the level of moral status depends on just how annoyed one can get. If one is sufficiently annoyed at the presence of secondhand smoke, then it might very well be a moral issue, and it is hard to see how the smoker is in a position to challenge this. Smoking in Public Places free essay sample This an essay about how people’s bad habits can get them banned from public places, aka smoking. This essay’s issue is about smoking banned in most of all public places. There is no point in endangering your health and also someone else’s in these public places. Individual Project 5 You are harming other people while you smoke around them. There is no need of risking your life for one little cigarette. The whole idea of people letting smoke in public places nd endangering other people’s health is foolish and cannot be supported by any evidence. It is not right for smokers to be endangering someone else’s life and getting away with it. Smoking should be stopped because it wastes a lot of money, and is very addictive. Also, it is bad for the smoker’s health to smoke tobacco because of the very bad chemicals in the tobacco. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking in Public Places or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Smoking is not right and we should all quit before we get a bad habit of it. The numbers of smokers are not declining only increasing. When I say that smoking is bad for everyone, I mean everyone including people who do not smoke. Children are more in a risk to get asthma by consuming the smoke of a cigarette gives off because they breathe more rapidly than adults do. It’s not just kids either, but non-smoking food service workers are more likely to get cancer than in any other workplace. Smoking has a huge effect in people and this is a matter that needs to be handled seriously. A leading cause of asthma that leads to high hospitalization for children is in-fact second- hand smoking. When people come in contact with second-hand smoke people may experience headaches, respiratory illness, including asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis. Tobacco is made with extremely harmful substances, such as pesticides, carbon monoxide and nicotine that is a drug. If the ingredients inside tobacco are burned they are even more deadly and harmful. Some ingredients in a â€Å"puff† include: benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, acetone, and ammonia. These are harmful substances like formaldehyde is a preservative for dead bodies, ammonia in fertilizers, pesticides, and detergents and toluene in gasoline, and anti-freeze. More than 40 chemicals cause heart disease lung disease, and cancer in people. Smoking is harmful to your body, it is known that millions in America, but 40,000 Canadians will die from smoking this year, and it is the leading cause of diseases and deaths, which could easily be prevented. Smoking has become, the number one known death in both American and Canadians, and the number of smokers are only increasing by the day. Smoking can cause more deaths than alcohol, suicides, AIDS, elicit drugs, car accidents, and murders put together. A powerful ingredient called nicotine causes most of this. Even though smokers want to quit, can’t because of the addiction to nicotine. Another argument I have against public smoking is health. If you continue to consume obacco you will lose, a healthy heart, healthy lungs, healthy body, control, up to 15 years average health, and many more. Smoking causes a lot of harmful things in you and outside of your body. Some affects are: irregular heart beat, make your heart work harder by narrowing vessels so its harder to pump blood, raises blood level which makes heart pump harder by narrowing vessels so ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s harder to pump up blood, raises blood level which makes the heart pump harder than normal, decreases the amount of oxygen in your body so the heart has to work harder to get oxygen to the body. Smoking in Public Places free essay sample All research carried out in the past 50 years has proved that smoking is harmful for passive and active smokers alike. A ban on smoking in all public places with immediate effect is therefore the only reasonable option. † Did you ever deeply inhale the cold cloud of smoke of someone standing in a public place? Every one of us faces these situations to a greater or lesser extent. No matter if it happens indoors or outdoors, non- smokers never benefit from it. The question is, why smokers are allowed to wallow in vice wherever they like, regardless of the people, especially children and also the environment, around them. Smoking demands thousands of lives annually and risks the lives of second- hand smokers unintentionally. Therefore the state would do well to react to this issue and ban smoking in all public places with immediate effect. Cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemical compounds with at least 400 toxic substances which can have a harmful or even lethal outcome for smokers and several aftermaths for the state and its’ population. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking in Public Places or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most dangerous and damaging product is tar, which is the most frequent cause of cancer. Nicotine is addictive and increases cholesterol levels in the body. Carbon dioxide reduces oxygen in the blood which can lead to several organic disorders and a high blood pressure. Components of the gas can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Smoking also contributes to diseases like asthma, macular degeneration, bad breath, ulcers and impotence. Health insurance funds face all these sicknesses and pay a lot for therapies and preventions of recrudescences of the smoking population and so spent more money on them as on non- smokers. In the end charges for health insurances rise for everyone, smokers like non- smokers. Smoking not only harms those who smoke themselves, but those who get exposed to the dangerous fume. Babies who are born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to be born prematurely and with a lower birth weight. Those are the ones who should be protected most. But there is not only a risk from smoking pregnant women. The side-stream smoke between two puffs is much more dangerous than the directly inhaled smoke. It is proven that children who grow up in a smokers’ household or who get exposed to smoke have a higher risk to get asthma or bronchitis. They also are more vulnerable to develop allergies. For adult passive smokers the risk to suffer from pulmonary disorders and lung cancer increases. An increased risk of heart disease is not yet conclusive but seems to have a relation to second- hand smoking. Another disturbing factor for non- smokers is, that wherever they face smokers in public and get exposed to smoke, their clothes and hair smell displeasing and the scent is noticeable for hours. The biggest problem with effects on the whole world is the destruction of the environment. Air pollution should not be underestimated.